almarifa journal for Humanities and Applied Sciences
مجلة المعرفة للعلوم الانسانية والتطبيقية، مجلة علمية محكمة تصدر عن جامعة المعرفة للعلوم الانسانية والتطبيقية بشكل دوري للمساهمة في إبراز مساهمات العلوم الانسانية والتطبيقية بجميع مجالاتها في ا لاستغلال الأمثل للموارد المتاحة وتحقيق التنمية المنشودة، وكذل تشجيع الباحثين على ربط مخرجات المشاريع البحثية بمتطلبات سوق العمل وتلبية حاجات المجتمع . -
جامعة المعرفة للعلوم الانسانية والتطبيقية
Post-Conflict Recovery and Safety Culture Development in Libyan Oil Facilities: A Multi-Site Case Study Analysis
This study examines the development and implementation of safety culture at Libyan oil facilities during post-conflict rehabilitation (2015–2023) and focuses on three main sites, Ras Lanuf, Zueitina, and Sirte Oil Company. In examining the success of safety culture initiatives, the study employed a mixed-methods approach, studying safety performance data, interviewing 45 stakeholders, and examining organizational documentation. The Total Recordable Incident Rate (TRIR) decreased by an average of 37% at all sites, and there were significant relationships between improved safety performance and leadership involvement (β = 0.64, p < 0.001). A four-phase recovery model that includes the phases of stabilization, systems development, cultural integration, and sustainability was developed by the study. Important conclusions showed that traditional Libyan values and international safety standards might be successfully combined to create a hybrid safety culture model that works well in post-conflict settings. Significant gains in employee engagement (92% positive response rate) and near-miss reporting (r = 0.76) were revealed by statistical analysis. By applying Reason's organizational accident theory and Hudson's evolutionary model to post-conflict settings, the study advances safety culture theory while offering helpful implementation advice for comparable settings. For organizations working in post-conflict areas, especially in the oil and gas industry in the MENA region, the developed framework provides insightful information. It highlights the significance of striking a balance between local cultural considerations and international safety standards to develop a sustainable safety culture.
Safety culture, post-conflict recovery, oil facilities, Libya, organizational development, cultural integration.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
مدى إمكانية تطبيق أدوات التحول الرقمي لتعزيز كفاءة الأداء الاقتصادي (دراسة ميدانية على أعضاء هيئة التدريس بمنطقة الجبل الغربي )
هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى معرفة مدى إمكانية تطبيق أدوات التحول الرقمي لتعزيز كفاءة الأداء الاقتصادي من وجهة نظر أعضاء هيئة التدريس بمنطقة الجبل الغربي, ولتحقيق أهداف الدراسة تم الاعتماد على المنهج الوصفي التحليلي, ولقد تم تصميم استبانة محكمة كأداة رئيسية لجمع البيانات الأولية, وتم توزيعها على عينة من أعضاء هيئة التدريس بالمعاهد التقنية العليا بمنطقة الجبل الغربي, و لقد توصلت الدراسة لعدة نتائج أهمها: أن أعضاء هيئة التدريس بالمعاهد التقنية العاليا لديهم معرفة بأدوات التحول الرقمي - وتطبيقاتها الأساسية. كما توصلت الدراسة أن التحول الرقمي يساعد في رفع إنتاجية عضو هيئة التدريس. بالإضافة إلي انه لا تتوافر بنية تحتية تقنية مناسبة لتطبيق أدوات التحول الرقمي, وكما أوصت الدراسة بضرورة مضاعفة البحوث حول مواضيع التحول الرقمي وما تضمنه من ممارسات في جميع القطاعات, بالإضافة إلي ضرورة وضع قوانين وتشريعات لمواكبة التطورات التكنولوجية من قبل الجهات التشريعية والتنفيذية حول تطبيق أدوات التحول الرقمي
أدوات التحول الرقمي, كفاءة الأداء الاقتصادي
تأثير تطبيق استراتيجية clear “ " على تنمية المهارات الحياتية والتفاعل الصفي في مادة التربية البدنية
هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى تحليل أثر تطبيق استراتيجية CLEAR (Clarify, Look for Information, Execute, Analyze and Reflect, Revise and Refine) على تنمية المهارات الحياتية وتحسين التفاعل الصفي لدى طلاب مادة التربية البدنية. اعتمدت الدراسة على المنهج الوصفي التحليلي، حيث تم تحليل الإطار النظري لاستراتيجية CLEAR ومكوناتها، والمقارنة بين خصائصها ومتطلبات تنمية المهارات الحياتية ومتطلبات التفاعل الصفي الفعال. أظهر التحليل النظري أن استراتيجية CLEAR توفر إطاراً منهجياً فعالاً يُسند مسؤولية التخطيط والتنفيذ والتقييم الذاتي للطالب. وقد أثبتت النتائج التحليلية أن مراحل الاستراتيجية ترتبط ارتباطاً وثيقاً بتعزيز مهارات القيادة، والعمل الجماعي، وحل المشكلات، كما أنها تعمل على رفع مستوى وجودة التفاعلات الصفية الموجهة والهادفة بين الأقران والمعلم. وتوصي الدراسة بضرورة تبني هذه الاستراتيجية وتعميمها في دروس التربية البدنية لضمان تحقيق الأهداف الشاملة والوجدانية للمادة.
استراتيجية clear ، التربية البدنية ، المهارات الحياتية ، التفاعل الصفي ، التعلم النشط
The Level of English Language Teachers of The Pedagogical Aspects of Integrating Machine Translation In Teaching and Learning Within The TPACK Framework (A Field Study on Secondary Schools in Yefren)
This study aims to identify the level of English language teachers' knowledge regarding the pedagogical aspects of utilizing machine translation (MT) in teaching and learning, specifically through a field study conducted in secondary schools in Yefren. The researcher employed a descriptive analytical approach using social survey sampling [sociological surveying], which aligns with the nature and objectives of the study. A questionnaire was utilized as the primary research instrument, with a study sample consisting of 30 male and female teachers. The findings of the study revealed that the level of English language teachers' knowledge regarding the pedagogical aspects of using machine translation was high (M = 3.84, 76.73%) in light of the TPACK (Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge) framework. It was also found that teachers possess good conceptual knowledge of machine translation, particularly as an application of Artificial Intelligence (AI), and can distinguish it from human translation. Furthermore, the results indicated that the pedagogical roles of machine translation achieved the highest means, reflecting a strong awareness of its importance as a supportive tool for learning, while emphasizing its use as a supplement rather than a substitute. The results also demonstrated a good level of awareness regarding its educational applications, alongside a clear understanding of the risks associated with over-reliance and the necessity of employing it according to specific educational goals. Considering these findings, the study recommends the development of training programs based on the TPACK framework and the integration of machine translation into English language teaching strategies. Additionally, the study suggests establishing organized educational policies for its use, enhancing the presence of AI-related topics in teacher preparation programs, and encouraging applied studies that explore the impact of this technology on the development of linguistic skills
(Machine Translation, English Language Teachers, Technology Integration in Education, Secondary Education, TPACK Model).
درجة الرفع التشغيلي وأثرها على إدارة أصول الشركات
هدفت هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى تحليل أثر الرافعة التشغيلية على كفاءة الأداء التشغيلي للشركة العامة للكهرباء في ليبيا، وذلك من خلال قياس تأثيرها على نسب النشاط التي تعكس كفاءة استخدام الأصول. وتكتسب الدراسة أهميتها من الدور الحيوي الذي تلعبه الشركة العامة للكهرباء بوصفها شركة خدمية احتكارية مملوكة للدولة، لما لقطاع الكهرباء من تأثير مباشر في التنمية الاقتصادية والاجتماعية. اعتمدت الدراسة على المنهج الوصفي التحليلي الكمي باستخدام بيانات سنوية مستمدة من القوائم المالية وتقارير النشاط للشركة خلال الفترة الممتدة من 1990 إلى 2018. وتمثلت الرافعة التشغيلية كمتغير مستقل، في حين شملت المتغيرات التابعة نسب النشاط، والمتمثلة في معدل دوران إجمالي الأصول، ومعدل دوران الأصول الثابتة، ومعدل دوران الأصول المتداولة، ومعدل دوران المخزون، ومعدل دوران المدينين. واستخدمت الدراسة مجموعة من الأساليب الإحصائية، شملت معامل ارتباط بيرسون ونماذج الانحدار الخطي البسيط. أظهرت النتائج وجود أثر موجب ذو دلالة إحصائية للرافعة التشغيلية على معظم نسب النشاط، خاصة معدل دوران الأصول الثابتة، في حين لم يظهر أثر معنوي على معدل دوران الأصول المتداولة. وخلصت الدراسة إلى أن الرافعة التشغيلية تُعد أداة مهمة لتحسين كفاءة الأداء التشغيلي، مع التأكيد على ضرورة تحسين إدارة الأصول والهيكل التشغيلي للشركة لتحقيق كفاءة واستدامة أعلى.
الرافعة التشغيلية، كفاءة الأداء التشغيلي، نسب النشاط، دوران الأصول، الشركة العامة للكهرباء، قطاع الكهرباء.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF IODATE BASED ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY DETERMINATION METHOD
In the last decade, free radicals have attracted great attention, as they are a natural product of many biological reactions. Accumulation of the free radicals leads to oxidative stress which plays the essential role of the cell ageing leading to serious diseases. But the cell can defend itself by natural compounds called antioxidants. These defender compounds may be naturally occurred in the cell or can be provided by outside supplements. Antioxidant capacity is determined by several determination methods but they are expensive and complicated. This increased the need to develop an easy, reliable and inexpensive method to determine the antioxidant capacity and that is the goal of this study. In this study the capacity of antioxidant will be determined by the reaction between iodate and hydroxyl amine to release the nitrite which will form a pink colour.
free radical, oxidative stress, antioxidants, antioxidants capacity.
Magnetic Interpretation of Zaggut Oil Field, Sirt Basin - Libya
The Sirt Basin contains many subsurface geological structures, and we need some techniques to obtain results that can interpret these structures and their trends. The magnetic method that was used in this study gave results that can be explained by saying that the northern and southern parts have a greater influence compared to the west, and this is due to the influence of the north of the study area in Marada trough and the south due to the influence of Beda platform ,The zaggut oil field requires the use of other techniques to verify the results obtained by the magnetic method And obtain other magnetic data to continue studying the region on a larger scale.
zaggut oil field , magnetic, interpretation, sirt basin
Gravity study of Concession 6, Sirt Basin, Libya
This study covers concession 6 in Sirt basin. It's located approximately between latitudes 28° 50' to 30° and longitudes 19°30' to 20°. The study involves interpreting gravity to delineate structures and faults. It also helps locate major structures within the study area. Gravity is very important for studying the subsurface structures. The Libyan Petroleum Institute (LPI) assembled a total of 8871 gravity values. These values cover an area that is 186km long and 96km wide. We gathered the gravity data on spaced irregular grids. The smallest grid spacing was 500m. The largest was approximately 1km. The high gravity anomaly shows up on the Bouguer gravity map. It is not always limited to the platform structures. For example, low gravity expression represents the Zaltan Platform. Also, the low gravity anomaly isn't always limited to the trough structures. A high gravity anomaly represents the Ajdabiya Trough, for example. The Bouguer gravity map shows prominent NW-SE and N-NW trends. The residual gravity map exhibits a dominant NW-SE trend. The application of the total horizontal gradient methods used to analyze gravity data. This clarified the subsurface structures of the study area. High gradient values delineate NNE-SSW and NW-SE trends. A strong N-S lineament occurs over the southern part of the study area. It is well indicated by the horizontal derivative. This study's horizontal derivative provides valuable information about the rift structures.
gravity, sirt basin, Zaltan platform, Ajdabiya Trough
معوقات تطبيق ادارة الجودة الشاملة في مؤسسات التعليم العالي دراسة ميدانية علي معهد رسل الحضارة
This study aimed to investigate the obstacles to the implementation of Total Quality Management (TQM) within the Rusul Al-Hadara Institute and its branches (the main branch, the Tajoura branch, and the Al-Mashtal branch) from the perspective of faculty members. The descriptive-analytical approach was employed, as it was deemed appropriate for this study. A total of (50) questionnaire forms were distributed to the study population, consisting of faculty members, across four domains: leadership, teaching load, the organizational domain, and the educational process domain. To analyze the data, the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) was utilized to conduct descriptive analysis and test the hypotheses. The findings revealed a set of obstacles hindering the implementation of Total Quality Management, with a high degree of severity and an overall mean of (3.66). The dimensions were ranked as follows: lack of attention to the educational process, followed by lack of awareness among senior management, lack of attention to administrative organization, and finally, lack of attention to scientific research. The study found no statistically significant differences attributable to the variables of gender, academic rank, or years of service. The study recommended that efforts be directed toward eliminating these obstacles through the concerted efforts of senior management, administrative staff, and faculty members. Furthermore, it emphasized the necessity of developing teaching methodologies and enhancing the library with relevant references.
أثر استراتيجية تمكين الموظفين على تحقيق متطلبات تطوير الأداء المؤسسي " دراسة ميدانية على القيادات الوسطى بشركة البنية للاستثمار والخدمات
This study aims to examine the impact of the employee empowerment strategy on achieving the requirements of institutional performance development, based on the perceptions of middle management leaders at the General Administration of Al-Bunya Investment and Services Company. The study adopts a descriptive–analytical approach. The descriptive method was used to conceptualize the employee empowerment strategy and highlight its importance as a key driver of institutional performance development, while the analytical method was employed to analyze primary data. A structured questionnaire was developed as the main data collection instrument. The study population consisted of all middle management leaders at the company’s General Administration, and a comprehensive survey method was applied due to the small population size (40 respondents). The findings revealed that middle management leaders perceived the level of employee empowerment strategy implementation at Al-Bunya Company as low. However, their perceptions regarding the impact of employee empowerment on achieving institutional performance development requirements were positive. The results also indicated a statistically significant positive effect of employee empowerment dimensions on institutional performance development, with an explanatory power of 54.9%, attributed to the employee empowerment strategy. The study concludes that enhancing employee empowerment can significantly contribute to improving institutional performance development. Accordingly, it recommends fostering an organizational culture that supports performance development through targeted training programs and enabling employees to participate in formulating strategic plans and objectives, given the positive role of such participation in achieving institutional performance requirements
empowerment, institutional performance, development. AL-Bonya company .
تأثير زيادة مستوى فيتامين D يمنع إنتاج هرمون النوم
This study aims to examine the relationship between elevated vitamin D levels and melatonin production, and to investigate the impact of this relationship on sleep quality and circadian rhythm regulation. In recent years, scientific interest has expanded beyond the classical role of vitamin D in bone health to explore its broader physiological effects, particularly its potential influence on neuroendocrine functions and sleep regulation. The study employed a descriptive-analytical approach through a comprehensive review and analysis of Arabic and international research addressing the association between serum vitamin D levels, melatonin secretion, and sleep quality. Comparative analysis was conducted to evaluate statistical correlations, age-related differences, and the effects of varying vitamin D supplementation dosages. The findings indicate a statistically significant inverse relationship between elevated vitamin D levels and nocturnal melatonin secretion, suggesting that excessive vitamin D concentrations may negatively influence sleep quality, particularly when supplementation exceeds recommended dosages. The results further demonstrate that this effect may vary depending on age, lifestyle factors, and individual physiological differences. Maintaining balanced vitamin D levels appears essential to preserving hormonal equilibrium and supporting normal sleep–wake cycles. The study recommends careful monitoring of vitamin D supplementation based on laboratory assessment and highlights the need for further controlled clinical research to clarify the underlying biological mechanisms linking vitamin D and melatonin. Achieving physiological balance between nutritional status and hormonal regulation is crucial for promoting optimal sleep quality and overall health
Vitamin D, Melatonin, Sleep Quality, Sleep Disorders, Circadian Rhythm, Hormonal Balance.
أساس المسؤولية المدنية في الفقه الإسلامي
Civil liability in Islamic jurisprudence is founded on tortious liability, whereas positive law considers fault to be the essential basis of liability, which consequently obliges the wrongdoer to compensate the injured party for the damages sustained. Islamic jurisprudence, however, does not regard fault as the decisive element; rather, it focuses on the harm resulting from the act or conduct, and mandates compensation for such harm in order to uphold justice and protect rights. Nevertheless, this approach did not prevent jurists from recognizing a distinction between contractual liability and tortious liability. They differentiated between the two through practical application, namely between liability for damage (Itlaf) and liability arising from contracts. Across all schools of Islamic jurisprudence, the principle of compensation for harm inflicted upon others has been established as a fixed legal foundation, derived from the principles of Sharia, aimed at safeguarding rights, redressing grievances, and ensuring justice within society.
Civil Liability (Contractual and Tortious) – Liability (Contract and Damage) – Islamic Jurisprudence – Positive Law.
This study aims to examine the concept of the plea of inadmissibility based on the absence of standing, in view of the procedural significance and practical importance of this plea within the field of civil procedural law. The plea concerns the standing of the parties to the litigation, namely the plaintiff (claimant) and the defendant, as standing must be legally established for both parties. Where standing is absent with respect to either party, or both, one of the essential conditions required for the admissibility of the action is lacking. The absence of standing consequently results in the non-existence of the claimant’s procedural right to bring an action before the court, since the right of action arises only where the legally prescribed conditions are fulfilled. In such circumstances, the defendant merely seeks a judicial ruling declaring the inadmissibility of the claim, on the ground that the claimant lacks the legal standing required to institute the proceedings due to the absence of this essential procedural condition. Furthermore, the notion of inadmissibility remains among the relatively ambiguous concepts within procedural law, which has given rise to doctrinal and judicial debate. This has prompted the present study to address this subject with the aim of identifying its legal implications and clarifying the issues and complexities surrounding it.
: Judicial Litigation – Procedural Defenses – Public Order – Procedural System
Reasons For The Low Student Attainment In English Language Subject Among Secondary School Students (Secondary Schools In Al-Qalaa Municipality As A Case Study)
This study aims to identify the main reasons for the low student attainment in English language subject among Secondary School students, using Secondary schools in Al-Qalaa Municipality as a case study. The researcher employed a descriptive approach using a comprehensive social survey, deemed the most suitable method for the nature of the study and its objectives. The study relied on a questionnaire consisting of 21 items to collect data. The study sample comprised all 19 English language teachers in Secondary School in Al-Qalaa Municipality. Frequencies and percentages were used to statistically analyze the data. After conducting the study and analyzing the data, the researcher arrived at several conclusions, most notably: teachers' weakness in using curriculum teaching strategies, reliance on Arabic in teaching English language, and weak skills in utilizing information and communication technology. The results also revealed an inadequacy of the time allocated to teaching the subject compared to the density of the curriculum, overcrowded classrooms exceeding capacity, weak student foundation, limited vocabulary, and a lack of motivation to learn. In addition to the schools' lack of modern educational resources and language labs.
Student attainment, Secondary School, English language subject language subject, Al-Qalaa Municipality.
أثر الرسالة والرؤية على اداء المنظمات غير الربحية
تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى معرفة اتجاهات المبحوثين أعضاء هيئة التدريس الموظفين في الجامعات نحو أثر الرسالة والرؤية على مستوى الأداء الاستراتيجي للجامعات الحكومية في ليبيا، واختبار الفروق بين تلك الاتجاهات تبعاً لاختلاف خصائصهم الشخصية والوظيفية، وقد استخدمت عينة عنقودية طبقية عشوائية متناسبة، وبلغ إجمالي حجم العينة (500) مشاهدة منها (200) عضو هيئة تدريس، و (300) موظف، موزعين على الجامعات محل الدراسة، حيث تم توزيع الاستبانات عليهم عبر زيارات ميدانية ، وكان عدد الاستبانات المسترجعة والصالحة للتحليل الإحصائي (323) استبانة منها (132) استبانة من أعضاء هيئة التدريس بنسبة استجابة (66)، و (191) استبانة من الموظفين بنسبة استجابة (64%)، واعتمد في تحليل بياناتها على مقاييس الإحصاء الوصفي والتحليلي مثل: تحليل الارتباط، وتحليل التباين للانحدار، وتحليل الانحدار المتعدد... الخ. توصلت الدراسة إلى عدة نتائج أهمها: يوجد أثر ذو دلالة إحصائية لمتغيري الرسالة والرؤية بأبعادهما المختلفة (جزئيا) على الأداء الاستراتيجي للجامعات الحكومية كما أوضحت النتائج وجود فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية في اتجاهات المبحوثين نحو محور الرسالة تعزى المتغير الخبرة، وتبين من النتائج أيضاً عدم وجود فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية في اتجاهات المبحوثين نحو محور الرؤية. وخلصت الدراسة إلى العديد من التوصيات أهمها أن تكون مسؤولية صياغة وتطوير الرسالة والرؤية غير مقتصرة على الإدارة العليا فقط، وعلى الجامعات الحكومية الليبية أن تهتم بتعريف كل الأطراف ذات العلاقة برسالة ورؤية جامعاتهم، وإشراكهم في صياغتها، ولا ينبغي التعامل مع الرسالة والرؤية على أنها مجرد أدوات لتزيين مواقع الويب والكتيبات الجامعية فقط، وأن تفعل وتوضع موضع التنفيذ.
رسالة ورؤية المنظمة الأداء في المنظمات غير الربحية، الأداء في قطاع التعليم العالي
دور المراجعة الداخلية في تفعيل حكومة المصارف دراسة تطبيقية عن بعض مصارف الجمهورية الجبل الغربي
تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى بيان دور المراجعة الداخلية في تفعيل حوكمة المصارف، من خلال دراسة تطبيقية على بعض مصارف الجمهورية في منطقة الجبل الغربي. وتنبع أهمية الدراسة من الدور الحيوي الذي تؤديه المراجعة الداخلية في تعزيز مبادئ الحوكمة المصرفية، بما يسهم في تحسين جودة الأداء، والحد من المخاطر، وتعزيز الشفافية والمساءلة. اعتمدت الدراسة على المنهج الوصفي التحليلي، واستخدمت الاستبانة كأداة رئيسية لجمع البيانات، حيث تم توزيع (36) استبانة على عينة من المراجعين الداخليين، واستُرد منها (32) استبانة صالحة للتحليل بنسبة استجابة بلغت (88%). أظهرت نتائج الدراسة وجود علاقة قوية بين استقلالية المراجعة الداخلية وتفعيل مبادئ حوكمة المصارف، كما بينت أن اعتماد المصارف على مراجعين مؤهلين علميًا، ومنحهم الحرية والاستقلالية في أداء مهامهم، يسهم بشكل مباشر في تعزيز تطبيق الحوكمة. في المقابل، كشفت النتائج عن وجود قصور في برامج التدريب والتطوير المهني للمراجعين الداخليين، إضافة إلى ضعف مشاركتهم في رسم السياسات والاستراتيجيات المصرفية. وأوصت الدراسة بضرورة تطوير معايير المراجعة الداخلية، وزيادة الاهتمام بتأهيل وتدريب المراجعين الداخليين، ونشر ثقافة الحوكمة المصرفية بين العاملين، لما لذلك من أثر إيجابي في تحسين الأداء المصرفي وتعزيز الثقة لدى أصحاب المصالح
مدى فاعلية الأمن السيبراني في تعزيز كفاءة النظم المحاسبية الحديثة (دراسة ميدانية على المصارف التجارية بمنطقة الجبل الغربي)
This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of cybersecurity in enhancing the efficiency of modern accounting systems in commercial banks in the western region of Libya. To achieve the study's objectives, a descriptive-analytical approach was adopted. A validated questionnaire was designed as the primary tool for collecting primary data and was distributed to a sample of employees in commercial banks in the western region of Libya. The study reached several conclusions, the most important of which is that there is a high level of awareness and understanding among employees regarding cybersecurity. Furthermore, the weaker the digital infrastructure, the greater the likelihood of security breaches affecting the modern accounting information system. Based on the study's findings, the study recommended the necessity of holding training programs and courses for employees in the banking sector sample on cybersecurity to enhance the effectiveness of modern accounting systems.
Cybersecurity, Modern Accounting Systems
المصارف التجارية في ليبيا والخصوصية التشريعية لها بين التنظيم والرقابة
In view of the important and influential role of commercial banks, and their specialization in monetary, credit, and financing activities, as well as their contribution to supporting the national economy and participating in its development, a number of questions arise regarding commercial banks in Libya. Do they have special rules enacted by the Libyan legislator that define their legal form and regulate the exercise of their banking activity? Accordingly, this research derives its importance from clarifying the main legislation and the distinctive provisions governing commercial banks under Libyan law. The study addresses, in its first section, the definition of commercial banks, their legal form, the stages of their emergence and development, and the provisions regulating the exercise of their banking activity. The second section answers the questions related to the nature of these provisions: are they merely a repetition of the general rules applicable to joint-stock companies, or do they differ by constituting special rules and legislation with a particular character for regulating commercial banks in Libya? This section is therefore divided into two parts: the first examines provisions of relative specificity, which regulate the powers and competencies of the administrative bodies overseeing these banks or those related to capital; the second examines provisions of absolute specificity concerning authorization to operate and supervision, with the aim of protecting banks from risks and ensuring their independence. The study concludes, overall, with a set of findings that answer the main research question. It shows that the special provisions governing Libyan joint-stock companies engaged in banking activity are not merely a repetition of the general rules applicable to joint-stock companies. Although they intersect with them in some relatively common provisions, they are absolutely distinguished by provisions that have no basis in the general rules and are characterized by greater strictness and restriction. This reflects the Libyan legislator’s concern for protecting depositors’ rights and supporting commercial banks.
تطوير أداء المراجعة الداخلية كأداة للرقابة وتحسين الكفاءة التشغيلية: دراسة ميدانية على المؤسسات العامة الليبية
This study aims to analyze and enhance the performance of internal auditing as a pivotal tool for control and operational efficiency in Libyan public institutions. The research employs a descriptive-analytical approach supported by a field study that included a questionnaire distributed to a representative sample of internal auditors and department managers across 15 public institutions in Tripoli and Benghazi. The study examines key dimensions including organizational independence of internal audit units, adequacy of resources and qualified staff, effectiveness of audit procedures, and mechanisms for follow-up and implementation of audit recommendations. Findings indicate a statistically significant positive impact of internal audit performance on operational efficiency. However, several barriers impede optimal performance, notably weak independence, insufficient technical qualifications of staff, and lack of institutional support to implement recommendations. Recommendations include strengthening internal audit independence by reporting directly to the audit committee of the board, developing specialized training programs, adopting a risk-based audit approach, and establishing clear mechanisms to monitor and measure the implementation and impact of audit recommendations. The study builds on the IIA standards and governance models and contributes practical solutions applicable to the Libyan public sector.
المراجعة الداخلية، الاستقلالية، الكفاءة التشغيلية، المؤسسات العامة، ليبيا.
العلامة التجارية واكتساب الحق فيها وحمايته قانونياً
Based on the importance of trademarks, their close connection with commercial activity, and their role in protecting human life from the risks posed by counterfeit and forged goods and products—and the resulting repercussions on the national economy—there arises a need for a special legal framework to regulate trademarks, establish rights for their owners, and prevent various forms of infringement. Accordingly, this research paper addresses the subject through two sections. The first section answers questions related to the validity of signs to qualify as trademarks and the legal criteria for the validity of such marks. This section is divided into parts dealing with the concept and definition of trademarks, the conditions for their legal validity, their types, their legal nature, and their importance, which is reflected in a set of functions identifying the signs that may constitute a trademark under the law. The second section answers questions concerning the procedures for registering trademarks under Libyan law and how this law addresses the requirements for trademark protection. This section begins with the procedures for trademark registration and the legal consequences thereof, including the acquisition of rights, ownership of the trademark, the disposition of such rights, and the legal protection arising from them. This protection is justified by the importance of trademarks and their vital role in strengthening commercial identity and safeguarding the rights of their owners. The study concludes, in general, with a number of findings, the most important of which is that Libya has a specific legal framework regulating trademarks. However, it also reveals that some of its provisions suffer from ambiguity, slowness, and procedural complexities in litigation. This necessitates recommendations to amend certain legislative provisions in order to keep pace with modern and rapidly evolving systems and international developments, thereby ensuring comprehensive legal protection for trademarks in Libya.
Analytical Study of the Libyan Health System and Strategic Recommendations for Achieving Universal Health Coverage
This study aims to analyze the current situation of the health system in Libya by reviewing national and international documents and reports, and identifying the main challenges hindering the achievement of universal health coverage. The study relied on the multi-tool analytical approach. The results revealed that reforming the health system requires a comprehensive approach that includes strengthening governance, ensuring sustainable financing, and activating primary healthcare, in conjunction with the development of human resources and modern digital technology. These elements are essential for achieving universal health coverage. The study proposed a comprehensive roadmap that includes legislative and institutional reforms, infrastructure development, enhancement of information systems, and activation of the role of primary healthcare, with a focus on effective partnership with the private sector. The study concluded that political will, Intersectoral coordination, and leveraging international expertise are necessary to build a sustainable and equitable health system.
Universal Health coverage, Governance, Quality, Sustainable Financing, Health information system, Digital Health.
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
المسؤولية الدولية ودورها في حماية البيئة
أصبح تحمل المسؤولية والتعويض عن الأضرار البيئية هو شق لا يمكن إغفاله وذلك بعد فشل الإجراءات الاحتياطية والوقائية في معالجة أضرر التلوث البيئي ، خاصة وأن نظام المسؤولية يحقق بالإضافة للدور العلاجي دوراً أخر وقائي؛ إذ سيحد من يمارس نشاطاً مضراً بالبيئة ا نفسه مضطراً إلى الإقلال لأقصى حد من خطورة أنشطته تجنبا لإلزامه بالتعويضات. من هذا المنطلق بدأ دور المسؤولية الدولية في توفير الحماية للبيئة من خلال إصلاح الضرر الناجم عن التلوث. أفضى البحث إلى نتائج أهمها: في مجال المسؤولية الدولية عن التلوث البيئي يتم الاعتماد على الأسس القانونية والتي من بينها نظرية الفعل الدولي غير المشروع، وكذلك نظرية المخاطر مع استبعاد نظرية الخطأ لقصورها في هذا المجال.
الحماية البيئية، المسؤولية الدولية، الأضرار البيئة ، التعويض.
Technology and Cybersecurity in Libya: A Case Study on Libya Telecom and Technology (LTT)
This research paper explores the relationship between modern technology and cybersecurity within the Libyan context, focusing specifically on Libya Telecom and Technology (LTT). As the nation's primary telecommunications provider, LTT plays a critical role in ensuring secure digital infrastructure. The study examines current cybersecurity threats, the technological measures deployed by LTT, and the challenges faced in securing data and communication systems. Using a combination of analytical tools, the research evaluates LTT’s strategies and proposes recommendations to enhance cybersecurity practices in Libyan telecom operations. The findings contribute to a better understanding of the cybersecurity landscape in Libya and provide a model for other developing nations with similar challenges.
Cybersecurity, Information Security, Telecommunications, Digital Infrastructure, Cyber Threats, Data Protection, Risk Management
An Intelligent System for Detecting Duplicates and Anomalies in Small Business Databases
This paper introduces an AI-based system tailored for improving the quality of small business databases through automatic detection and correction of duplicate and anomalous records. The system employs fuzzy string matching and machine learning algorithms (such as Isolation Forest and DBSCAN) to identify inconsistencies with high accuracy and efficiency. Applied to a real-world dataset of over 50,000 entries, the system achieved 92% precision in duplicate detection and successfully isolated over 500 anomalous transactions. These results demonstrate the system’s practical value in enhancing decision-making and operational reliability for small enterprises.
Duplicate detection, anomaly detection, data cleaning, small business data quality, AI system .
Penetration Testing and Vulnerability Assessment to Improve the Web Application's Security
the rapid advancement of machinery, whether mobile or computer systems, has resulted in more advanced and efficient Windows, Web, and mobile applications, but it has also increased system complexity. The number of individuals who use web applications and the quantity of web applications on the market have both increased dramatically in recent years. Complex cyber-attacks can compromise the majority of web applications Web application testing has grown more important to defend web applications from cyber assaults and online hazards. In online application development, vulnerability assessment and penetration testing are critical security tasks. The practice of finding security flaws in online applications is known as vulnerability assessment [3]. Penetrationtesting is a method of determining if an application is secure by exploiting its weaknesses. It's possible to gain unauthorized access or engage in other hostile behavior. Therefore figuring out which flow is the most dangerous application is very important. It aids in the safeguarding of systems and data against illegal access and breaches. This paper reviews different vulnerability assessments and Penetration testing are [4].
Cyber attacks, web application vulnerabilities, vulnerability assessment, penetration testing, VAPT type
Design and Simulation of IPv6-Based VLAN Networks with Switch virtual interface and EIGRPv6 Routing Protocol
In contemporary network infrastructure, logical segmentation and efficient routing are crucial for optimizing performance, security, and scalability. This paper presents the design and implementation of VLAN segmentation using Switched Virtual Interfaces (SVIs) in conjunction with EIGRP for IPv6 (EIGRPv6) within a simulated environment using GNS3. VLANs are configured to separate network traffic based on departmental or functional requirements, thereby reducing broadcast traffic and enhancing network organization. SVIs enable inter-VLAN communication by providing Layer 3 interfaces for each VLAN on multilayer switches. EIGRPv6 is implemented as the dynamic routing protocol to ensure efficient routing of IPv6 traffic between VLANs across different network segments. The simulation is carried out using GNS3, evaluating key performance parameters such as convergence time, scalability, and fault tolerance. The results validate the effectiveness of combining IPv6, SVIs, and EIGRPv6 in creating a robust and future-ready network infrastructure.
IPV6, IPV4, SVI, EIGRPv6, VLAN, GNS3 , Wireshark.
MANAGING MERCURY IN LIBYAN OIL AND GAS FIELDS: CHALLENGES, RISKS, AND RECOVERY OPPORTUNITIES
Mercury pollution from produced water from three main oilfields in Libya's Sirte Basin Zaltan, Al-Lahib, and Al-Jabal is estimated to be 194.5 tons per year. With a predicted 3% annual rise in generated water volumes, mercury discharge might reach 254 tons by 2034, highlighting the critical need for proactive field-level actions. Libya can extract and recover mercury from hydrocarbon streams by using modular mercury removal devices and modern treatment technology. Using new transmutation techniques, this mercury may be transformed into gold, changing a dangerous byproduct into a very valuable commodity. This strategy not only promotes environmental compliance and lowers operating liabilities, but it also creates a new revenue stream through the sale of converted gold. Libya might reinvent itself as a regulated producer and exporter of mercury and gold generated from recovered mercury by adopting this invention and taking use of its advantageous location near European and Mediterranean markets. This change has the potential to transform an environmental issue into a strategic industrial opportunity by promoting economic diversification, drawing in foreign investment, and enhancing the nation's position in the world commodities market
This study investigates the efficiency of Grover’s algorithm in identifying a specific element within a given search space. The experiment compares the performance of classical search versus quantum search using Grover’s algorithm, focusing on the time required to locate the target element in an unsorted database of 100,000 entries. The results demonstrate that the quantum search exhibits a significantly slower rise in computational time compared to classical search, highlighting its superior efficiency in processing large-scale datasets. This performance disparity arises because classical search algorithms operate by sequentially checking each element until the target is found, resulting in a linear increase in the number of operations as the dataset grows. In contrast, Grover’s quantum search algorithm achieves a quadratic speedup (O(N) over classical approaches (O(N), making it particularly advantageous for large, unstructured databases
دور التشريعات الوطنية والعربية والاتفاقيات الدولية في حماية الملكية الفكرية
In the current time, intellectual property is the main driver of economic development at all levels, as it has become controlling the economic development process. As intellectual property constitutes a legal framework aimed at protecting innovations, literature, brands, designs, and all the creative works produced by the human mind. Protection systems include national laws and international agreements such as the Bern Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, the Paris Agreement for the Protection of Industrial Property, and the Trippus Agreement. The importance of this protection lies in promoting creativity and encouraging investment in research and development, while balancing the rights of creators and the interest of society in reaching knowledge. However, protection faces challenges such as piracy, tradition, and social awareness of intellectual property rights.
Prof. Muhammad Abdullah Abdul Hafeed Salem